Micron Document
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<h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Differenzkern</span></h1>
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<div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content mw-content-ltr" lang="de" dir="ltr"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="de" dir="ltr"><p>Ein <b>Differenzkern</b>, auch <b>Egalisator</b> oder nach der englischsprachigen Bezeichnung <b>Equalizer</b> genannt, ist eine Verallgemeinerung des <a href="Mathematik" title="Mathematik">mathematischen</a> Begriffes <a href="Kern_(Algebra)" title="Kern (Algebra)">Kern</a> auf beliebige <a href="Kategorientheorie" title="Kategorientheorie">Kategorien</a>.
</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Definition">Definition</h2></div>
<p>In einer <a href="Kategorientheorie#Kategorie" title="Kategorientheorie">Kategorie</a> seien zwei <a href="Morphismus" title="Morphismus">Morphismen</a> <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle f,g\colon X\rightarrow Y}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>f</mi>
<mo>,</mo>
<mi>g</mi>
<mo>:<!-- : --></mo>
<mi>X</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">→<!-- → --></mo>
<mi>Y</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle f,g\colon X\rightarrow Y}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/f657e80916b973605795c484a506a21dbdd50c62.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:11.83ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle f,g\colon X\rightarrow Y}" loading="lazy"></span> gegeben. Ein <b>Differenzkern</b> von <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle f}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>f</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle f}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/132e57acb643253e7810ee9702d9581f159a1c61.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:1.279ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle f}" loading="lazy"></span> und <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle g}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>g</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle g}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/d3556280e66fe2c0d0140df20935a6f057381d77.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:1.116ex; height:2.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle g}" loading="lazy"></span> ist ein Morphismus <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle i\colon Z\rightarrow X}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>i</mi>
<mo>:<!-- : --></mo>
<mi>Z</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">→<!-- → --></mo>
<mi>X</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle i\colon Z\rightarrow X}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/c93a3272f6ea9fea2d8d66746eaf392b20ea8327.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:9.111ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle i\colon Z\rightarrow X}" loading="lazy"></span> mit folgenden Eigenschaften:
</p>
<ul><li><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle f\circ i=g\circ i}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>f</mi>
<mo>∘<!-- ∘ --></mo>
<mi>i</mi>
<mo>=</mo>
<mi>g</mi>
<mo>∘<!-- ∘ --></mo>
<mi>i</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle f\circ i=g\circ i}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/a4aafa7ac1266685494c7a4ca02a0e14eb548d12.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:11.487ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle f\circ i=g\circ i}" loading="lazy"></span> und</li>
<li>zu jedem Morphismus <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle i'\colon Z'\to X}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msup>
<mi>i</mi>
<mo>′</mo>
</msup>
<mo>:<!-- : --></mo>
<msup>
<mi>Z</mi>
<mo>′</mo>
</msup>
<mo stretchy="false">→<!-- → --></mo>
<mi>X</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle i'\colon Z'\to X}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/b97d3c02af6e1c91e6f160bf1b9631803abc9401.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:10.508ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle i'\colon Z'\to X}" loading="lazy"></span>, für den <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle f\circ i'=g\circ i'}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>f</mi>
<mo>∘<!-- ∘ --></mo>
<msup>
<mi>i</mi>
<mo>′</mo>
</msup>
<mo>=</mo>
<mi>g</mi>
<mo>∘<!-- ∘ --></mo>
<msup>
<mi>i</mi>
<mo>′</mo>
</msup>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle f\circ i'=g\circ i'}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/f4441499ed29b2706ffaac205d549e68c6a45a7e.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:12.857ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle f\circ i'=g\circ i'}" loading="lazy"></span> gilt, gibt es genau einen Morphismus <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle c\colon Z'\to Z}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>c</mi>
<mo>:<!-- : --></mo>
<msup>
<mi>Z</mi>
<mo>′</mo>
</msup>
<mo stretchy="false">→<!-- → --></mo>
<mi>Z</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle c\colon Z'\to Z}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/b8badecd93cd75907343bf5b639e377372b0356a.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:9.728ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle c\colon Z'\to Z}" loading="lazy"></span>, so dass <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle i'=i\circ c}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msup>
<mi>i</mi>
<mo>′</mo>
</msup>
<mo>=</mo>
<mi>i</mi>
<mo>∘<!-- ∘ --></mo>
<mi>c</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle i'=i\circ c}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/51231ebb5244984fdb42159dd001a49c6043b117.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:8.59ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle i'=i\circ c}" loading="lazy"></span>.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul>
<div class="center">
<p><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\begin{array}{ccccc}Z'&amp;&amp;&amp;&amp;\\\downarrow ^{c}&amp;\searrow ^{i'}&amp;&amp;&amp;\\Z&amp;{\xrightarrow[{i}]{}}&amp;X&amp;{\underset {f}{\overset {g}{\rightrightarrows }}}&amp;Y\\\end{array}}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mtable columnalign="center center center center center" rowspacing="4pt" columnspacing="1em">
<mtr>
<mtd>
<msup>
<mi>Z</mi>
<mo>′</mo>
</msup>
</mtd>
<mtd></mtd>
<mtd></mtd>
<mtd></mtd>
<mtd></mtd>
</mtr>
<mtr>
<mtd>
<msup>
<mo stretchy="false">↓<!-- ↓ --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>c</mi>
</mrow>
</msup>
</mtd>
<mtd>
<msup>
<mo stretchy="false">↘<!-- ↘ --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<msup>
<mi>i</mi>
<mo>′</mo>
</msup>
</mrow>
</msup>
</mtd>
<mtd></mtd>
<mtd></mtd>
<mtd></mtd>
</mtr>
<mtr>
<mtd>
<mi>Z</mi>
</mtd>
<mtd>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<munderover>
<mo>→</mo>
<mpadded width="+0.611em" lspace="0.278em" voffset="-.24em">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>i</mi>
</mrow>
</mpadded>
<mpadded width="+0.611em" lspace="0.278em" voffset=".15em"></mpadded>
</munderover>
</mrow>
</mtd>
<mtd>
<mi>X</mi>
</mtd>
<mtd>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<munder>
<mover>
<mo stretchy="false">⇉<!-- ⇉ --></mo>
<mi>g</mi>
</mover>
<mi>f</mi>
</munder>
</mrow>
</mtd>
<mtd>
<mi>Y</mi>
</mtd>
</mtr>
</mtable>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\begin{array}{ccccc}Z'&amp;&amp;&amp;&amp;\\\downarrow ^{c}&amp;\searrow ^{i'}&amp;&amp;&amp;\\Z&amp;{\xrightarrow[{i}]{}}&amp;X&amp;{\underset {f}{\overset {g}{\rightrightarrows }}}&amp;Y\\\end{array}}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/5055747fd37da134a92b1a9fa41842a8127b6386.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -5.472ex; margin-bottom: -0.199ex; width:22.167ex; height:12.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\begin{array}{ccccc}Z'&amp;&amp;&amp;&amp;\\\downarrow ^{c}&amp;\searrow ^{i'}&amp;&amp;&amp;\\Z&amp;{\xrightarrow[{i}]{}}&amp;X&amp;{\underset {f}{\overset {g}{\rightrightarrows }}}&amp;Y\\\end{array}}}" loading="lazy"></span>
</p>
</div>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Beispiele">Beispiele</h2></div>
<ul><li>In den Kategorien <b>Set</b> der Mengen, <b>Top</b> der <a href="Topologischer_Raum" title="Topologischer Raum">topologischen Räume</a>, <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle R}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>R</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle R}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/4b0bfb3769bf24d80e15374dc37b0441e2616e33.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.764ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle R}" loading="lazy"></span>-<b>Mod</b> der <a href="Modul_(Mathematik)" title="Modul (Mathematik)">Linksmoduln</a> über einem <a href="Ring_(Algebra)" title="Ring (Algebra)">Ring</a> <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle R}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>R</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle R}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/4b0bfb3769bf24d80e15374dc37b0441e2616e33.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.764ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle R}" loading="lazy"></span> ist in der Situation obiger Definition die <a href="Inklusionsabbildung" title="Inklusionsabbildung">Inklusionsabbildung</a></li></ul>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle i\colon \{x\in X\mid f(x)=g(x)\}\hookrightarrow X}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>i</mi>
<mo>:<!-- : --></mo>
<mo fence="false" stretchy="false">{</mo>
<mi>x</mi>
<mo>∈<!-- ∈ --></mo>
<mi>X</mi>
<mo>∣<!-- ∣ --></mo>
<mi>f</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>x</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>=</mo>
<mi>g</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>x</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo fence="false" stretchy="false">}</mo>
<mo stretchy="false">↪<!-- ↪ --></mo>
<mi>X</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle i\colon \{x\in X\mid f(x)=g(x)\}\hookrightarrow X}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/df84655f0e77cb274621ffc8a20e97892d35a42d.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:29.907ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle i\colon \{x\in X\mid f(x)=g(x)\}\hookrightarrow X}" loading="lazy"></span></dd>
<dd>ein Differenzkern. Insbesondere in der zuletzt genannten Kategorie ist</dd>
<dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \{x\in X\mid f(x)=g(x)\}=\{x\in X\mid (f-g)(x)=0\}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mo fence="false" stretchy="false">{</mo>
<mi>x</mi>
<mo>∈<!-- ∈ --></mo>
<mi>X</mi>
<mo>∣<!-- ∣ --></mo>
<mi>f</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>x</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>=</mo>
<mi>g</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>x</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo fence="false" stretchy="false">}</mo>
<mo>=</mo>
<mo fence="false" stretchy="false">{</mo>
<mi>x</mi>
<mo>∈<!-- ∈ --></mo>
<mi>X</mi>
<mo>∣<!-- ∣ --></mo>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>f</mi>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mi>g</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>x</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>=</mo>
<mn>0</mn>
<mo fence="false" stretchy="false">}</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \{x\in X\mid f(x)=g(x)\}=\{x\in X\mid (f-g)(x)=0\}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/2109f26b010f0f0a94e6851971465938d88b22e0.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:50.139ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \{x\in X\mid f(x)=g(x)\}=\{x\in X\mid (f-g)(x)=0\}}" loading="lazy"></span></dd>
<dd>automatisch ein <a href="Untermodul" title="Untermodul">Untermodul</a>, der mit dem <a href="Kern_(Algebra)" title="Kern (Algebra)">Kern</a> der Differenz <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle f-g}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>f</mi>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mi>g</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle f-g}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/e3f3019b383024c33e03b71a287d195f958ca89f.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:5.235ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle f-g}" loading="lazy"></span> zusammenfällt, was die Bezeichnung Differenzkern erklärt.</dd></dl>
<ul><li>In den Kategorien der <a href="Gruppe_(Mathematik)" title="Gruppe (Mathematik)">Gruppen</a>, <a href="Abelsche_Gruppe" title="Abelsche Gruppe">abelschen Gruppen</a>, <a href="Vektorraum" title="Vektorraum">Vektorräume</a> oder <a href="Ring_(Algebra)" title="Ring (Algebra)">Ringe</a> ist der Differenzkern zweier Morphismen durch den Differenzkern der zugrundeliegenden Mengenabbildungen gegeben.</li>
<li>Hat die betrachtete Kategorie <a href="Anfangsobjekt%2C_Endobjekt_und_Nullobjekt" title="Anfangsobjekt, Endobjekt und Nullobjekt">Nullobjekte</a> und ist in der Situation obiger Definition <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle g=0_{XY}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>g</mi>
<mo>=</mo>
<msub>
<mn>0</mn>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>X</mi>
<mi>Y</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle g=0_{XY}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/722ae5874fc30565e506dc8c33584399cdd414ce.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:8.263ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle g=0_{XY}}" loading="lazy"></span> der <a href="Nullmorphismus" class="mw-redirect" title="Nullmorphismus">Nullmorphismus</a> <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle X\rightarrow Y}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>X</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">→<!-- → --></mo>
<mi>Y</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle X\rightarrow Y}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/d10a18ff36fb82a8fea00dc79971f5ab3a06caff.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:7.367ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle X\rightarrow Y}" loading="lazy"></span>, so ist ein Differenzkern von <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle f}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>f</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle f}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/132e57acb643253e7810ee9702d9581f159a1c61.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:1.279ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle f}" loading="lazy"></span> und <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle 0_{XY}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mn>0</mn>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>X</mi>
<mi>Y</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle 0_{XY}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/701b944d1804f8fdfa99c82e00c50299dabe55e7.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:4.049ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle 0_{XY}}" loading="lazy"></span> nichts anderes als ein Kern von <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle f}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>f</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle f}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/132e57acb643253e7810ee9702d9581f159a1c61.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:1.279ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle f}" loading="lazy"></span>. Damit ist jeder Kern ein Beispiel für einen Differenzkern.</li></ul>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bemerkungen">Bemerkungen</h2></div>
<ul><li>Differenzkerne sind nicht eindeutig bestimmt. Sind aber in der Situation obiger Definition <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle i\colon Z\rightarrow X}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>i</mi>
<mo>:<!-- : --></mo>
<mi>Z</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">→<!-- → --></mo>
<mi>X</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle i\colon Z\rightarrow X}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/c93a3272f6ea9fea2d8d66746eaf392b20ea8327.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:9.111ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle i\colon Z\rightarrow X}" loading="lazy"></span> und <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\tilde {i}}\colon {\tilde {Z}}\rightarrow X}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>i</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">~<!-- ~ --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mo>:<!-- : --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>Z</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">~<!-- ~ --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mo stretchy="false">→<!-- → --></mo>
<mi>X</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\tilde {i}}\colon {\tilde {Z}}\rightarrow X}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/439d3f6ebd55e2b20102aed5e01e3b2afb98848f.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:9.471ex; height:2.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\tilde {i}}\colon {\tilde {Z}}\rightarrow X}" loading="lazy"></span> zwei Differenzkerne von <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle f}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>f</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle f}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/132e57acb643253e7810ee9702d9581f159a1c61.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:1.279ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle f}" loading="lazy"></span> und <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle g}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>g</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle g}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/d3556280e66fe2c0d0140df20935a6f057381d77.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:1.116ex; height:2.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle g}" loading="lazy"></span>, so folgt aus der Eindeutigkeiteigenschaft, dass es einen eindeutig bestimmten <a href="Isomorphismus" title="Isomorphismus">Isomorphismus</a> <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle c\colon {\tilde {Z}}\rightarrow Z}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>c</mi>
<mo>:<!-- : --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>Z</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">~<!-- ~ --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mo stretchy="false">→<!-- → --></mo>
<mi>Z</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle c\colon {\tilde {Z}}\rightarrow Z}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/0bda6f4bffdcd159edbbe6a5b362eaeb10e92e51.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:9.016ex; height:2.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle c\colon {\tilde {Z}}\rightarrow Z}" loading="lazy"></span> mit <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\tilde {i}}=i\circ c}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>i</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">~<!-- ~ --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mo>=</mo>
<mi>i</mi>
<mo>∘<!-- ∘ --></mo>
<mi>c</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\tilde {i}}=i\circ c}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/552d808001edf1926c1824b21018f844727abd7a.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:8.265ex; height:2.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\tilde {i}}=i\circ c}" loading="lazy"></span> gibt. Differenzkerne sind also bis auf (eindeutige) Isomorphie bestimmt, weshalb man oft von <i>dem</i> Differenzkern spricht und ihn mit <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \mathrm {ker} (f,g)}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">k</mi>
<mi mathvariant="normal">e</mi>
<mi mathvariant="normal">r</mi>
</mrow>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>f</mi>
<mo>,</mo>
<mi>g</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \mathrm {ker} (f,g)}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/09db5d4b96ff6771d8b7d0c6ed73f7b81ed9f9d0.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:8.409ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \mathrm {ker} (f,g)}" loading="lazy"></span> bezeichnet.</li>
<li>In einer weiteren sprachlichen Ungenauigkeit nennt man das Objekt <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle Z}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>Z</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle Z}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/1cc6b75e09a8aa3f04d8584b11db534f88fb56bd.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.68ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle Z}" loading="lazy"></span> den Differenzkern. Der eigentlich gemeinte Morphismus ist dann immer eine naheliegende Inklusionsabbildung, die unerwähnt bleiben kann.</li>
<li>Man sagt, eine Kategorie habe Differenzkerne, wenn es zu je zwei Morphismen <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle f,g\colon X\rightarrow Y}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>f</mi>
<mo>,</mo>
<mi>g</mi>
<mo>:<!-- : --></mo>
<mi>X</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">→<!-- → --></mo>
<mi>Y</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle f,g\colon X\rightarrow Y}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/f657e80916b973605795c484a506a21dbdd50c62.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:11.83ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle f,g\colon X\rightarrow Y}" loading="lazy"></span> einen Differenzkern gibt. Die in den obigen Beispielen genannten Kategorien <b>Set</b>, <b>Top</b> und <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle R}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>R</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle R}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/4b0bfb3769bf24d80e15374dc37b0441e2616e33.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.764ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle R}" loading="lazy"></span>-<b>Mod</b> haben offenbar Differenzkerne. Die <a href="Unterkategorie" class="mw-redirect" title="Unterkategorie">Unterkategorie</a> <b>Set<sub>2</sub></b> der mindestens zweielementigen Mengen von <b>Set</b> hat keine Differenzkerne.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li>
<li>Differenzkerne sind <a href="Monomorphismus" title="Monomorphismus">Monomorphismen</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Die Umkehrung gilt im Allgemeinen nicht. Diejenigen Monomorphismen, die als Differenzkern auftreten, nennt man <a href="Regul%C3%A4rer_Monomorphismus_und_Epimorphismus" title="Regulärer Monomorphismus und Epimorphismus">regulär</a>.</li>
<li>Differenzkerne sind spezielle <a href="Limes_(Kategorientheorie)" title="Limes (Kategorientheorie)">Limites</a>, nämlich die von Funktoren <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\mathcal {I}}\rightarrow {\mathcal {C}}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi class="MJX-tex-caligraphic" mathvariant="script">I</mi>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mo stretchy="false">→<!-- → --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi class="MJX-tex-caligraphic" mathvariant="script">C</mi>
</mrow>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\mathcal {I}}\rightarrow {\mathcal {C}}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/e409a8003203582241f9efb696dfaf8c42fcf72f.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; margin-left: -0.069ex; width:6.414ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\mathcal {I}}\rightarrow {\mathcal {C}}}" loading="lazy"></span> (auch <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\mathcal {I}}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi class="MJX-tex-caligraphic" mathvariant="script">I</mi>
</mrow>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\mathcal {I}}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/0e9730a0ada0426927ff64141eb9f505eca132d4.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; margin-left: -0.069ex; width:1.561ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\mathcal {I}}}" loading="lazy"></span>-förmige Diagramme genannt), in welchen die Kategorie <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\mathcal {I}}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi class="MJX-tex-caligraphic" mathvariant="script">I</mi>
</mrow>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\mathcal {I}}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/0e9730a0ada0426927ff64141eb9f505eca132d4.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; margin-left: -0.069ex; width:1.561ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\mathcal {I}}}" loading="lazy"></span> aus zwei Objekten mit jeweiligen Identitäten und zwei parallelen Morphismen zwischen ihnen besteht.</li></ul>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Äquivalente_Beschreibung"><span id=".C3.84quivalente_Beschreibung"></span>Äquivalente Beschreibung</h2></div>
<p>Ein Differenzkern zweier Morphismen <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle f,g\colon X\to Y}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>f</mi>
<mo>,</mo>
<mi>g</mi>
<mo>:<!-- : --></mo>
<mi>X</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">→<!-- → --></mo>
<mi>Y</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle f,g\colon X\to Y}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/f99c3354a919e8e246796bdc329e13c6604e95a3.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:11.83ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle f,g\colon X\to Y}" loading="lazy"></span> in einer beliebigen Kategorie kann auch als das durch die folgenden äquivalenten Eigenschaften charakterisierte <a href="Unterobjekt" class="mw-redirect" title="Unterobjekt">Unterobjekt</a> <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle i\colon \ker(f,g)\to X}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>i</mi>
<mo>:<!-- : --></mo>
<mi>ker</mi>
<mo>⁡<!-- ⁡ --></mo>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>f</mi>
<mo>,</mo>
<mi>g</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo stretchy="false">→<!-- → --></mo>
<mi>X</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle i\colon \ker(f,g)\to X}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/3d9808531953851d16dd821d0327732a9ecac851.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:15.84ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle i\colon \ker(f,g)\to X}" loading="lazy"></span> von <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle X}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>X</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle X}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/68baa052181f707c662844a465bfeeb135e82bab.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.98ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle X}" loading="lazy"></span> beschrieben werden:
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \operatorname {Hom} (T,\ker(f,g))\cong \ker(\operatorname {Hom} (T,f),\operatorname {Hom} (T,g))}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>Hom</mi>
<mo>⁡<!-- ⁡ --></mo>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>T</mi>
<mo>,</mo>
<mi>ker</mi>
<mo>⁡<!-- ⁡ --></mo>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>f</mi>
<mo>,</mo>
<mi>g</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>≅<!-- ≅ --></mo>
<mi>ker</mi>
<mo>⁡<!-- ⁡ --></mo>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>Hom</mi>
<mo>⁡<!-- ⁡ --></mo>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>T</mi>
<mo>,</mo>
<mi>f</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>,</mo>
<mi>Hom</mi>
<mo>⁡<!-- ⁡ --></mo>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>T</mi>
<mo>,</mo>
<mi>g</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \operatorname {Hom} (T,\ker(f,g))\cong \ker(\operatorname {Hom} (T,f),\operatorname {Hom} (T,g))}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/af93f101af34171001706e9240141161cd4d3ff7.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:47.88ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \operatorname {Hom} (T,\ker(f,g))\cong \ker(\operatorname {Hom} (T,f),\operatorname {Hom} (T,g))}" loading="lazy"></span></dd></dl>
<p>wobei
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \operatorname {Hom} (T,f)\colon \operatorname {Hom} (T,X)\to \operatorname {Hom} (T,Y)}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>Hom</mi>
<mo>⁡<!-- ⁡ --></mo>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>T</mi>
<mo>,</mo>
<mi>f</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>:<!-- : --></mo>
<mi>Hom</mi>
<mo>⁡<!-- ⁡ --></mo>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>T</mi>
<mo>,</mo>
<mi>X</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo stretchy="false">→<!-- → --></mo>
<mi>Hom</mi>
<mo>⁡<!-- ⁡ --></mo>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>T</mi>
<mo>,</mo>
<mi>Y</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \operatorname {Hom} (T,f)\colon \operatorname {Hom} (T,X)\to \operatorname {Hom} (T,Y)}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/a5a0cfe150cd1645dee7c6ae6164681753794d78.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:37.643ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \operatorname {Hom} (T,f)\colon \operatorname {Hom} (T,X)\to \operatorname {Hom} (T,Y)}" loading="lazy"></span></dd>
<dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \operatorname {Hom} (T,f)(t):=ft}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>Hom</mi>
<mo>⁡<!-- ⁡ --></mo>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>T</mi>
<mo>,</mo>
<mi>f</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>t</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>:=</mo>
<mi>f</mi>
<mi>t</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \operatorname {Hom} (T,f)(t):=ft}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/d9f46d4e6a0f8084525cc1141e7e1a03d4dd9042.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:19.112ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \operatorname {Hom} (T,f)(t):=ft}" loading="lazy"></span></dd></dl>
<p>und der Differenzkern auf der rechten Seite der oben beschriebene Differenzkern in der Kategorie der Mengen ist, nicht der in der betrachteten Kategorie.
</p><p>Des Weiteren soll der Isomorphismus in Punkt 2 <a href="Nat%C3%BCrliche_Transformation" title="Natürliche Transformation">natürlich</a> in <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle T}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>T</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle T}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/ec7200acd984a1d3a3d7dc455e262fbe54f7f6e0.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.636ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle T}" loading="lazy"></span> sein, das heißt: Nennen wir die Familie von Isomorphismen
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \varphi _{T}\colon \operatorname {Hom} (T,\ker(f,g))\to \ker(\operatorname {Hom} (T,f),\operatorname {Hom} (T,g))}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mi>φ<!-- φ --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>T</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>:<!-- : --></mo>
<mi>Hom</mi>
<mo>⁡<!-- ⁡ --></mo>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>T</mi>
<mo>,</mo>
<mi>ker</mi>
<mo>⁡<!-- ⁡ --></mo>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>f</mi>
<mo>,</mo>
<mi>g</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo stretchy="false">→<!-- → --></mo>
<mi>ker</mi>
<mo>⁡<!-- ⁡ --></mo>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>Hom</mi>
<mo>⁡<!-- ⁡ --></mo>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>T</mi>
<mo>,</mo>
<mi>f</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>,</mo>
<mi>Hom</mi>
<mo>⁡<!-- ⁡ --></mo>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>T</mi>
<mo>,</mo>
<mi>g</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \varphi _{T}\colon \operatorname {Hom} (T,\ker(f,g))\to \ker(\operatorname {Hom} (T,f),\operatorname {Hom} (T,g))}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/47f52436085f20234494dec8256e6632422cd9f3.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:52.339ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \varphi _{T}\colon \operatorname {Hom} (T,\ker(f,g))\to \ker(\operatorname {Hom} (T,f),\operatorname {Hom} (T,g))}" loading="lazy"></span></dd></dl>
<p>dann gilt für alle <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle a\colon T_{0}\to T}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>a</mi>
<mo>:<!-- : --></mo>
<msub>
<mi>T</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>0</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo stretchy="false">→<!-- → --></mo>
<mi>T</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle a\colon T_{0}\to T}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/008181233377bc5d925ee8a8e85c4dfb75028a1c.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:9.926ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle a\colon T_{0}\to T}" loading="lazy"></span> und alle <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle t}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>t</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle t}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/65658b7b223af9e1acc877d848888ecdb4466560.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:0.84ex; height:2.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle t}" loading="lazy"></span> für die der folgende Ausdruck definiert ist, dass
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \varphi _{T_{0}}(ta)=\varphi _{T}(t)a}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mi>φ<!-- φ --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<msub>
<mi>T</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>0</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>t</mi>
<mi>a</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>=</mo>
<msub>
<mi>φ<!-- φ --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>T</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>t</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mi>a</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \varphi _{T_{0}}(ta)=\varphi _{T}(t)a}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/409d4a281d61b0fa533a3c788d9a4e2101c6bcba.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.005ex; width:17.309ex; height:3.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \varphi _{T_{0}}(ta)=\varphi _{T}(t)a}" loading="lazy"></span></dd></dl>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Siehe_auch">Siehe auch</h2></div>
<ul><li><a href="Differenzkokern" title="Differenzkokern">Differenzkokern</a></li></ul>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Einzelnachweise">Einzelnachweise</h2></div>
<ol class="references">
<li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-1">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">B. Pareigis: <i>Kategorien und Funktoren</i>, B. G. Teubner (1969), Kapitel 1.9: <i>Differenzkerne und -kokerne</i></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-2">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Horst Herrlich, George E. Strecker: <i>Category Theory</i>, Allyn and Bacon Inc. 1973, Definition 16.2</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-3">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Horst Herrlich, George E. Strecker: <i>Category Theory</i>, Allyn and Bacon Inc. 1973, Beispiele 16.9</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-4">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Horst Herrlich, George E. Strecker: <i>Category Theory</i>, Allyn and Bacon Inc. 1973, Satz 16.4</span>
</li>
</ol>
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<div class="klappleiste-kopf"><a href="Kategorientheorie" title="Kategorientheorie">Kategorientheorie</a><div class="erweiterte-navigationsleiste-quicklinks" style="float:left; font-weight:normal; font-size:75%; margin-left:1em; margin-right:2em; display:none;"><span title="Vorlage anzeigen">V</span> </div></div>
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<td class="erw-nav-gruppe" style="white-space: nowrap;text-align: right;border: 1px solid transparent;border-top: 1px solid #FFF;border-bottom: 2px solid #FFF;padding: 0 1em;"><b>Einordnung</b>
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<td class="erw-nav-gruppe" style="white-space: nowrap;text-align: right;border: 1px solid transparent;border-top: 1px solid #FFF;border-bottom: 2px solid #FFF;padding: 0 1em;"><b>Typen von Kategorien</b>
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<p><a href="Duale_Kategorie" title="Duale Kategorie">dual</a> | <a href="Diskrete_Kategorie" title="Diskrete Kategorie">diskret</a> | <a href="Kleine_Kategorie" class="mw-redirect" title="Kleine Kategorie">klein</a> | <a href="Lokal_kleine_Kategorie" title="Lokal kleine Kategorie">lokal klein</a> | <a href="Monoidale_Kategorie" title="Monoidale Kategorie">monoidal</a> | <a href="Symmetrische_monoidale_Kategorie" title="Symmetrische monoidale Kategorie">symmetrisch monoidal</a> | <a href="Angereicherte_Kategorie" title="Angereicherte Kategorie">angereichert</a> | <a href="Ausgeglichene_Kategorie" title="Ausgeglichene Kategorie">ausgeglichen</a> | <a href="Erreichbare_Kategorie" title="Erreichbare Kategorie">erreichbar</a> | <a href="Vollst%C3%A4ndige_Kategorie" title="Vollständige Kategorie">vollständig</a> | <a href="Kovollst%C3%A4ndige_Kategorie" class="mw-redirect" title="Kovollständige Kategorie">kovollständig</a>
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<p><a href="Anfangsobjekt%2C_Endobjekt_und_Nullobjekt" title="Anfangsobjekt, Endobjekt und Nullobjekt">initial</a> | <a href="Anfangsobjekt%2C_Endobjekt_und_Nullobjekt" title="Anfangsobjekt, Endobjekt und Nullobjekt">terminal</a> | <a href="Anfangsobjekt%2C_Endobjekt_und_Nullobjekt" title="Anfangsobjekt, Endobjekt und Nullobjekt">null</a> | <a href="Injektives_Objekt" title="Injektives Objekt">injektiv</a> | <a href="Projektives_Objekt" title="Projektives Objekt">projektiv</a> | <a href="Generator_und_Kogenerator" title="Generator und Kogenerator">Generator</a> | <a href="Kogenerator" class="mw-redirect" title="Kogenerator">Kogenerator</a> | <a href="Ind-Objekte_und_Pro-Objekte" title="Ind-Objekte und Pro-Objekte">Pro</a> | <a href="Ind-Objekte_und_Pro-Objekte" title="Ind-Objekte und Pro-Objekte">Ind</a> | <a href="Gruppenobjekt" title="Gruppenobjekt">Gruppe</a> | <a href="Monoid-Objekt" title="Monoid-Objekt">Monoid</a> | <a href="Exponentiales_Objekt" title="Exponentiales Objekt">exponential</a> | <a href="Freies_Objekt" title="Freies Objekt">frei</a> | <a href="Kompaktes_Objekt" title="Kompaktes Objekt">kompakt</a>
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<p><a href="Monomorphismus" title="Monomorphismus">Mono</a> | <a href="Epimorphismus" title="Epimorphismus">Epi</a> | <a href="Bimorphismus" title="Bimorphismus">Bi</a> | <a href="Retraktion_und_Koretraktion" title="Retraktion und Koretraktion">Retraktion</a> | <a href="Koretraktion" class="mw-redirect" title="Koretraktion">Koretraktion</a> | <a href="Injektive_Aufl%C3%B6sung" title="Injektive Auflösung">Injektive Auflösung</a> | <a href="Projektive_Aufl%C3%B6sung" title="Projektive Auflösung">Projektive Auflösung</a>
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<p><a href="Konstanter_Funktor" title="Konstanter Funktor">konstant</a> | <a href="Voller_Funktor" class="mw-redirect" title="Voller Funktor">voll</a> | <a href="Treuer_Funktor" title="Treuer Funktor">treu</a> | <a href="Volltreuer_Funktor" class="mw-redirect" title="Volltreuer Funktor">volltreu</a> | <a href="Additiver_Funktor" title="Additiver Funktor">additiv</a> | <a href="Exakter_Funktor" title="Exakter Funktor">exakt</a> | <a href="Abgeleiteter_Funktor" title="Abgeleiteter Funktor">abgeleitet</a> | <a href="Glatter_Funktor" title="Glatter Funktor">glatt</a>
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<p><a href="Produkt_und_Koprodukt" title="Produkt und Koprodukt">Produkt</a> | <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Differenzkern</a> | <a href="Faserprodukt" title="Faserprodukt">Faserprodukt</a> | <a href="Ende_(Kategorientheorie)" title="Ende (Kategorientheorie)">Ende</a>
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<p><a href="Filtrierter_Kolimes" title="Filtrierter Kolimes">Filtrierter Kolimes</a> | <a href="Koprodukt" class="mw-redirect" title="Koprodukt">Koprodukt</a> | <a href="Differenzkokern" title="Differenzkokern">Differenzkokern</a> | <a href="Kofaserprodukt" class="mw-redirect" title="Kofaserprodukt">Kofaserprodukt</a>
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<p><a href="Kan-Erweiterung" title="Kan-Erweiterung">Kan-Erweiterung</a> | <a href="Monade_(Kategorientheorie)" title="Monade (Kategorientheorie)">Monade</a> | <a href="Komonade" title="Komonade">Komonade</a> | <a href="Kategorie_der_Elemente" title="Kategorie der Elemente">Kategorie der Elemente</a> | <a href="Kommakategorie" title="Kommakategorie">Kommakategorie</a> | <a href="Pfeilkategorie" title="Pfeilkategorie">Pfeilkategorie</a> | <a href="Homotopie-Kategorie" title="Homotopie-Kategorie">Homotopie-Kategorie</a>
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<p><a href="Lemma_von_Yoneda" title="Lemma von Yoneda">Lemma von Yoneda</a> | <a href="Fixpunktsatz_von_Lawvere" title="Fixpunktsatz von Lawvere">Fixpunktsatz von Lawvere</a> | <a href="Einbettungssatz_von_Mitchell" title="Einbettungssatz von Mitchell">Einbettungssatz von Mitchell</a>
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<p><a href="Hom-Funktor" title="Hom-Funktor">Hom-Funktor</a> | <a href="Potenzmengenfunktor" title="Potenzmengenfunktor">Potenzmengenfunktor</a> | <a href="Diagonalfunktor" title="Diagonalfunktor">Diagonalfunktor</a> | <a href="Ext-Funktor" class="mw-redirect" title="Ext-Funktor">Ext</a> | <a href="Tor-Funktor" class="mw-redirect" title="Tor-Funktor">Tor</a>
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